Economics

University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University or CU) is a collegiate public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.&nbsp;Within India it is recognized as a &quot;Five-Star University&quot; and accredited &quot;A&quot; Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

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The University of Calcutta has secured the Fifth position among the Universities of India in the prestigious &quot;Indian University Ranking 2019&quot; list, released by the NIRF of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

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It was established on 24 January 1857, and was one of the first institutions in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary and Western-style university. Its alumni and faculty include several heads of state, heads of government, social reformers, prominent artists, only academy award winner and Dirac medal winner in India, many Fellows of the Royal Society and five Nobel laureates as of 2019 which is highest in South Asia.

University Of Calcutta

Abstarct: Individuals make decisions embedded in a social context and their attitudes affect their decisions. Based on this argument, there is a long history of empirical research in social sciences (beyond economics), that elicits subjective testimony on feelings, beliefs, values, expectations, plans, attitudes, and behavior. This body of empirics was excluded from the neoclassical economic analysis on the assumption that individual preferences remain unchanged, despite the fact that economic theorizing often includes reference to attitudes, beliefs and the like. An important example is the data on stakeholder attitudes toward environment (Infield 1988). Its importance has been documented recently (Agrawal 2006) and pro-environmental attitudes studies have started to catch the attention of economists. © 2013 Springer India. All rights are reserved.

GENERAL

Physics

Development and Sustainability: India in a Global Perspective

Stakeholder attitudes and conservation of natural resources: Exploring alternative approaches

Intra-Industry Trade in Dirty Goods and Environmental Policies

Maritime trade has been and even continues to account for about a lion's share of India's total cargo volumes. Despite the growth of multimodal transport (by land, water and air), shipping still continues to be the major mode of transport in the bulk carriage of country's overseas trade. In view of this vital role of shipping, in the first four decades of independence, under the initiative of planned development and active government support, India's shipping and port sector saw dramatic growth in their performance to build adequate national fleet, in keeping up with the transport of overseas cargo. However, the onset of economic liberalization in 1991 has given rise to many new dimensions in the development of the shipping and port sector of the country with a significant redefinition of shipping and port services, in response to the new global trend patterns. For instance, it has also established the new era of containerization in the mode of cargo delivery from the dominance of the era of bulk and break-bulk trade during the decade of sixties and seventies. Moreover, as global competition increases, in response to this emerging trade patterns within this country, India's volume of traffic growth also increases manifold. So, India's shipping and port sectors need, significantly, to build up and furnish their capacity by increasing the frequency of this mode of transport i.e. the growth of the national overseas fleet to meet this surging demand. This paper, therefore, have focused on this role of shipping in such rising overseas trade, with a view to examine the shipping performance (the growth of overseas fleet) in response to the growing overseas trade at all ports of India during the period (1999-2000 to 2008-2009), in terms of both a mathematical model and a graphical representation. Finally, it concludes that the absolute overseas trade, being highly import dependent, have led to a more or less stagnant performance in overseas shipping, owing to the lack of the adequate growth of absolute overseas exports during this period. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Research in Transportation Economics

Overseas trade vis-a-vis overseas shipping: Growth and performance in India (1999-2009)

The recent exchange rate fluctuations in India have been a matter of concern for the policymakers and general public. The current exchange rate regime in India, known as managed float, has evolved through a long process of searching for an appropriate policy regime for India. Since exchange rates are relative prices of two currencies it is generally affected by the relative productivity differential and real wage rates in the long-run. However, the bubbles arising out of speculation plays a major role in determining the exchange rates in the short-run. The present scenario about the exchange rate fluctuations in India has been caused to a large extent by the deteriorating current account balance and the adverse expectations associated with it. However, the question of intervention by the government in the exchange rate market should be decided on the basis of the impact of such exchange rate fluctuations on the real effective exchange rate and the possible effects on the employment situation in the country. © 2013 Indian Institute of Foreign Trade.

Foreign Trade Review

The Recent Exchange Rate Fluctuations

The article develops a 3-sector general equilibrium model appropriate for economies with female labour oriented export sector to examine the effects of economic liberalisation policies on gender based wage inequality. It is assumed that there exist disparities in efficiencies between male and female labour due to skewed access to education and health, and differences in their spending patterns leading to differential effects of respective wages on their nutrition. The results indicate that tariff cut may reduce gender wage inequality, but may have detrimental effects on welfare; while foreign capital inflow may accentuate the inequality, despite improving the welfare of the economy. However, government policies to increase the provision of education and health have favourable effects on gender wage inequality but may be welfare deteriorating. Thus, the article provides a theoretical explanation to empirical evidences of diverse effects of liberalisation on gender wage inequality and explains the possibility of a trade-off between gender inequality and social welfare. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

World University root node

Journal of International Trade and Economic Development

Economic liberalisation, gender wage inequality and welfare

The purpose of this paper is to extend the Fields' (1989) multi-sector job-search model in a three-sector general equilibrium framework by introducing international trade and capital as input. The three sectors are the rural sector, the urban informal sector and the urban formal sector. The rural sector and the urban informal sector use one type of mobile capital while the urban formal sector uses a sector-specific capital. We find that the effects of an inflow of foreign capital in the urban formal sector on unemployment and social welfare crucially hinge on the relative factor intensities of the rural sector and the urban informal sector. We show that there is a possibility of trade-off between the government's twin objectives of improvement in social welfare and mitigation of the urban unemployment problem. These results are extremely crucial from the view point of policymaking in an unemployment plagued, low-income developing economy. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Fulltext

Economic Modelling

Job-search and foreign capital inflow - A three-sector general equilibrium analysis

This chapter looks at the political economy of mental health in the context of the transition of the Indian state from 'welfare medicine' to 'developmental medicine' to 'neo-liberal medicine' and the transition of the 'discourse on unreason' from unreason being seen as primarily a 'moral problem' to primarily a 'political problem' (where unreason is threat to both self and society) to primarily an 'economic problem' (where unreason leads to loss of productivity and efficiency). The chapter also sees how the political economy of mental health remains torn between 'incitement to discourse' around questions of mental health within the expanding 'circuits of global capital' and acute lack of resources, stigmatization, and ghettoization of unreason outside the circuits. The chapter works at the overdetermination of the axes of the 'patient' (which includes experience and suffering), the 'professional' (which includes listening, diagnosis, cure, care, and medical education), the 'service provider' (which includes public institutions with tertiary, secondary, and primary care delivery systems as also private clinics), and 'industry' (which includes, on the one hand, circuits of global capital and global markets and, on the other, circuits of local capital and local markets). © 2013 Springer India. All rights are reserved.

The political economy of mental health in India

In this chapter, we argue that the rationale for the existence of the Indian state has undergone a fundamental displacement since the adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP henceforth). This displacement is in alignment with the re-articulation of the Indian economic cartograph into the mutually constitutive triad of neo-liberalism, global capitalism and inclusive development that form the Order of Things (a la Foucault) at present. India's economic transition now must take this historical conjecture as its point of reference and departure. In this regard, the theory of the Indian state must contend with (i) why and how it helped create this triad, (ii) what this triad entailed for its own existence, and (iii) how the state encounters and negotiates with new-fangled contradictions emanating from the triad and thereby transforms itself or gets transformed in the process. State as a transformative entity must thus be understood in relation to the new Order of Things in whose creation it plays a central role and which in turn affects it. There is one important thread that runs through the changes that has materialized with respect to Indian state in the last two decades: the rationale for the existence of Indian state has changed which implies in turn a different philosophy of governance. © 2013 Springer India. All rights are reserved.