University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University or CU) is a collegiate public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.&nbsp;Within India it is recognized as a &quot;Five-Star University&quot; and accredited &quot;A&quot; Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

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The University of Calcutta has secured the Fifth position among the Universities of India in the prestigious &quot;Indian University Ranking 2019&quot; list, released by the NIRF of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

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It was established on 24 January 1857, and was one of the first institutions in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary and Western-style university. Its alumni and faculty include several heads of state, heads of government, social reformers, prominent artists, only academy award winner and Dirac medal winner in India, many Fellows of the Royal Society and five Nobel laureates as of 2019 which is highest in South Asia.

University Of Calcutta

Maritime trade has been and even continues to account for about a lion's share of India's total cargo volumes. Despite the growth of multimodal transport (by land, water and air), shipping still continues to be the major mode of transport in the bulk carriage of country's overseas trade. In view of this vital role of shipping, in the first four decades of independence, under the initiative of planned development and active government support, India's shipping and port sector saw dramatic growth in their performance to build adequate national fleet, in keeping up with the transport of overseas cargo. However, the onset of economic liberalization in 1991 has given rise to many new dimensions in the development of the shipping and port sector of the country with a significant redefinition of shipping and port services, in response to the new global trend patterns. For instance, it has also established the new era of containerization in the mode of cargo delivery from the dominance of the era of bulk and break-bulk trade during the decade of sixties and seventies. Moreover, as global competition increases, in response to this emerging trade patterns within this country, India's volume of traffic growth also increases manifold. So, India's shipping and port sectors need, significantly, to build up and furnish their capacity by increasing the frequency of this mode of transport i.e. the growth of the national overseas fleet to meet this surging demand. This paper, therefore, have focused on this role of shipping in such rising overseas trade, with a view to examine the shipping performance (the growth of overseas fleet) in response to the growing overseas trade at all ports of India during the period (1999-2000 to 2008-2009), in terms of both a mathematical model and a graphical representation. Finally, it concludes that the absolute overseas trade, being highly import dependent, have led to a more or less stagnant performance in overseas shipping, owing to the lack of the adequate growth of absolute overseas exports during this period. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

GENERAL

Economics

Research in Transportation Economics

Overseas trade vis-a-vis overseas shipping: Growth and performance in India (1999-2009)

The present study tries to see whether the subsidy given to CSTC, which is the oldest and the largest state transport corporation operating in and around Kolkata, is really being used to cover the losses they make over the years or to merely cover-up an inefficient performance. The state owned buses are required to serve, not only non-profitable routes in off-peak hours, but also to give social security or employment to a large section of society. The burden of carrying a huge staff structure and serving at an administered and less than competitive price for welfare reasons, makes CSTC liable to an operating loss. Therefore, it makes a case for subsidy. However, the regular commuters experience regarding the condition of and the services provided by these raises a question about the justification of subsidy. In the study it is seen that the subsidy given is not based on any of the components on which it should, economically. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Utilization of passenger transport subsidy in Kolkata: A case study of Calcutta State Transport Corporation

Diverse palynomorphs and phytoliths recovered from coprolites of ovi-caprids (sheep, goat) collected from Yang-Hai Tomb at Xinjiang Province, China, have been used to elucidate the dietary pattern of ancient livestock and to reconstruct the paleovegetation and paleoclimate of this part of northwest China ca. 2500&nbsp;14C yr BP. Palynological and phytolith data suggest that a rich dry temperate vegetation prevailed in the area during the said period. Climatic conditions and grassland vegetation type of the area are explored using phytolith indices. © 2008 University of Washington.

Botany

World University root node

Quaternary Research

Ovi-caprid dung as an indicator of paleovegetation and paleoclimate in northwestern China

Fifty honey samples (both squeezed and extracted) collected from the eastern Himalayan part of West Bengal, India were analyzed for their pollen content. Among these honey samples, forty-eight were from Apis cerana indica and two from Apis florea. Eighteen honey samples were identified as unifloral, of which 17 were from Apis cerana indica. The predominant pollen types were Rosa sp., Ageratum conyzoides, Rubus ellipticus, Prunus sp., Millettia pulchra, Trifolium repens, Primula sp., Schima wallichii, Fragaria sp., Potentilla sp. (during summer), Ageratum conyzoides, Schima wallichii, Sedum multicaule, (during autumn) and Aristolochia sp., Rosa sp. (during winter). In one sample from Apis florea, Trifolium repens predominated (during summer). Three honey flow periods (HFP-I-III) are recognized in this area. HFP-I (March-June) is the principal flow period while HFP-II (July-October) and HFP-III (November-February) are secondary. On the basis of Absolute Pollen Count (APC), Group I, Group II and Group III honeys are recognized from this region. K-means clustering of the honey samples from summer, autumn and winter seasons were carried out, establishing that variation in honey samples is possibly due to different pollen content and not controlled by their season of production. The study also explores the suitability for establishing commercial bee keeping in the remote areas of the eastern Himalayan part of West Bengal, India. © 2007 International Bee Research Association.

Journal of Apicultural Research

The beekeeping potential of sub-himalayan West Bengal, India: A palynological assessment of honey

Palynological investigation has been undertaken with the subsurface Cenozoic sediments of Ganga basin to establish biostratigraphy and environment of deposition. Samples from four bore holes viz. Puranpur, Matera, Gandak and Raxaul under study have yielded palynomorphs and other microfossils. Palynoassemblage recovered from the older Cenozoic sediments of the four bore holes has been analyzed in this paper to ascertain the age and environment of deposition. Rich palynoassemblage recovered from the Ganga basin sediments compare closely with the palynoassemblages recorded from Paleocene-Eocene sediments of other Tertiary basins in India. Occurrence of triporate 'Normapolles' type pollen grains in the assemblage is additional significant record. The palynoassemblage suggests a predominantly tropical warm humid climate with coastal brackish water influence. In addition, reworked microfossils of early and late Paleozoic, Mesozoic ages have been recovered in the lower Tertiary palynoassemblage. © Geol. Soc. India.