The present investigation explored the possible venom neutralizing effect of a pure compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from the methanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus R.Rr. 2-OH- 4-MeO benzoic acid possessed potent anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antioxidant properties. The compound effectively neutralized inflammation induced by Vipera russelli venom in male albino mice and reduced cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The compound produced a significant fall in body temperature in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats but did not change the normothermic body temperature. The compound effectively neutralized viper venom-induced changes in serum phosphatase and transaminase activity in male albino rats. It also neutralized free radical formation as estimated by TBAPS and superoxide dismutase activities. The antisnake venom activity of the pure compound is partly mediated through the above physiological process.

MOHD ALAM

Urdu

A GOMES

University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University or CU) is a collegiate public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.&nbsp;Within India it is recognized as a &quot;Five-Star University&quot; and accredited &quot;A&quot; Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

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The University of Calcutta has secured the Fifth position among the Universities of India in the prestigious &quot;Indian University Ranking 2019&quot; list, released by the NIRF of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

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It was established on 24 January 1857, and was one of the first institutions in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary and Western-style university. Its alumni and faculty include several heads of state, heads of government, social reformers, prominent artists, only academy award winner and Dirac medal winner in India, many Fellows of the Royal Society and five Nobel laureates as of 2019 which is highest in South Asia.

University Of Calcutta

Viper venom-induced inflammation and inhibition of free radical formation by pure compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from anantamul (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br) root extract

Toxicon

The methanolic root extracts of Vitex negundo Linn. and Emblica officinalis Gaertn. were explored for the first time for antisnake venom activity. The plant (V. negundo and E. officinalis) extracts significantly antagonized the Vipera russellii and Naja kaouthia venom induced lethal activity both in in vitro and in vivo studies. V. russellii venom-induced haemorrhage, coagulant, defibrinogenating and inflammatory activity was significantly neutralized by both plant extracts. No precipitating bands were observed between the plant extract and snake venom. The above observations confirmed that the plant extracts possess potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and need further investigation. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Snake venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plants (Vitex negundo and Emblica officinalis) root extracts

The adjuvant effect and antiserum potentiation of a compound 2-hydroxy- 4-methoxy benzoic acid were explored in the present investigation. This compound, isolated and purified from the Indian medicinal plant Hemidesmus indicus R. Br, possessed antisnake venom activity. Rabbits immunized with Vipera russellii venom in the presence and absence of the compound along with Freund's complete adjuvant, produced a precipitating band in immunogel diffusion and immunogel electrophoresis. The venom neutralizing capacity of this antiserum showed positive adjuvant effects as evident by the higher neutralization capacity (lethal and hemorrhage) when compared with the antiserum raised with venom alone. The pure compound potentiated the lethal action neutralization of venom by commercial equine polyvalent snake venom antiserum in experimental models. These observations raised the possibility of the use of chemical antagonists (from herbs) against snake bite, which may provide a better protection in presence of antiserum, especially in the rural parts of India.

Adjuvant effects and antiserum action potentiation by a (herbal) compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid isolated from the root extract of the indian medicinal plant 'sarsaparilla' (Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.)

Despite the use of snake anti-venom therapy, herbal medicine is still in practice to treat snakebites. Euphorbia hirta is traditionally used as antidote for snakebites and also for numerous other ailments. However, the scientific evidence for its anti-snake venom property is still lacking.Methanolic extract of E. hirta was evaluated for anti-venom activity under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. Histopathological changes in the vital organs of the mice were also monitored. UHPLC-SRM/MS was used to estimate the phenolic constituents whereas GC-MS analysis was performed to analyze the volatile metabolites present. The major compound was further evaluated for its contribution to the overall inhibitory potential of the extract.Methanolic extract of E. hirta completely inhibited the venom enzymes under in vitro and reduced the edema ratio. The extract increased the survival time (&gt;24h) of mice which was further evidenced by histopathological analysis of vital organs. Phytochemical analysis revealed higher content of phenolic (144 mg/g extract) compounds in the extract. UHPLC-SRM/MS demonstrated that ellagic acid, gallic acid and quinic acid are the major phenolics whereas GC-MS analysis revealed pyrogallol as the major constituent (60.07%) among the volatile components of the extract. It was also shown that pyrogallol has the ability to differentially inhibit venom protease but not phospholipase A2.The present study confirmed that E. hirta methanolic extract was able to completely inhibit Naja naja venom induced toxicity under in vitro as well as ex vivo conditions, thus providing scientific evidence to its traditional use.

Protective effect of Euphorbia hirta and its components against snake venom induced lethality

Purpose: The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the anti-ophidian properties of ethnomedicinal herb Leucas aspera against Indian cobra, Naja naja venom enzymes. Methods: Methanolic extract of Leucas aspera was evaluated, in vitro, for its ability to inhibit the major enzyme activities of Naja naja venom including protease, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase and hemolytic factors. The type of phytochemicals present in the extract was analyzed. Also, the major phytoconstituents in the extract was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Venom protease and hyaluronidase activities (two isoforms) were completely (100%) neutralized by the L. aspera methanolic extract at ratio of 1:50 w/w (venom: plant extract) and venom hemolytic activity was also completely neutralized at a ratio of 1:80 w/w by the plant extract. However, the extract failed to neutralize phospholipase A2 activity even at the highest concentration used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, acidic compounds, flavonoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides in the extract. GC-MS analysis indicated that a total of 14 compounds were present in the extract. The major bioactive constituents were found to be 6-octadecenoic acid (32.47%), n-hexadecanoic acid (25.97%), and 17-octadecen-14-yn-1-ol (14.22%) along with the minor constituents, sitosterol (2.45%) and stigmasterol (2%), which was previously reported to exhibit antivenom activity. Conclusion: The results obtained demonstrate for the first time that the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera possesses anti-venom activity and could be considered as a potential source for the anti-ophidian metabolites. © 2014 The Authors.

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Toxicology Reports

Inhibition of Naja naja venom enzymes by the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera and its chemical profile by GC–MS

India has more than 40 million diabetic people that represent nearly 20% of total diabetes population worldwide. Allopathic medicines are currently used for control of diabetes but often they are overprescribed or found to be dangerous on long-term use due to its toxicity and side effects. Plant-based remedies remain to be one of the most popular complementary treatments for diabetes mellitus and are considered to be natural and comparatively safe. Traditionally, many plants are used in Ayurveda, Sidha and folklore systems of medicines to treat diabetes mellitus, but the pharmacognostic and pharmacological studies on many of these plants are yet to be performed. Hence, the present study aims to explore the anti-diabetic activity of Hemidesmus indicus roots in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The oral administration of aqueous extract at doses of 500 mg/kg significantly reduced the blood glucose within 5 h and 12-week treatment reverted the altered levels of insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT),-glutamyl transferase (-GT) and creatine kinase (CK) to near normal levels in diabetic rats. The results of the present study suggest that H. indicus administration not only reduces blood glucose but also offers protection to diabetes-induced metabolic alterations in rats.

International Journal of Green Pharmacy

Hemidesmus indicusroot extract ameliorates diabetes-mediated metabolic changes in rats

An organic acid, isolated and purified from the root extract of an Indian medicinal plant sarsaparilla Hemidesmus indicus R.Br, possessed viper venom inhibitory activity. The compound (designated HI-RVIF) was isolated by solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, and was homogeneous in nature. The white needle-shaped crystals were soluble in water, methanol and chloroform and had a melting point of 155-158°C and λmax 260 nm. spectral analysis confirmed the presence of a benzene ring, methoxy group, and hydroxyl group; the mol. wt of the compound was 168. HI-RVIF significantly antagonized viper venom-induced lethal, haemorrhagic, coagulant and anticoagulant activity in experimental rodents. © 1994.

Isolation, purification and partial characterization of viper venom inhibiting factor from the root extract of the Indian medicinal plant sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.)

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ISSN	0041-0101