The aim of the present study was to determine the role of adrenals in gonadal activity in the male toad during the breeding season. Exogenous administration of corticosterone or metapyrone for 6 days inhibited adrenal δ5-3β(delta 5-3 beta) hydroxysteroid (δ5-3β- HSD) and testicular 17β (17 beta) hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) activities, decreased the serum levels of testosterone and inhibited spermatogenesis. When toads were treated with corticosterone a significant rise of serum corticosterone was noted while metapyrone treatment appeared to decrease serum corticosterone levels. It is concluded that adrenocortical hormone plays an indirect role in testicular activity in toads during the breeding season.

N M BISWAS

G R CHAUDHURI

M SARKAR

R SENGUPTA

University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University or CU) is a collegiate public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.&nbsp;Within India it is recognized as a &quot;Five-Star University&quot; and accredited &quot;A&quot; Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

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The University of Calcutta has secured the Fifth position among the Universities of India in the prestigious &quot;Indian University Ranking 2019&quot; list, released by the NIRF of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

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It was established on 24 January 1857, and was one of the first institutions in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary and Western-style university. Its alumni and faculty include several heads of state, heads of government, social reformers, prominent artists, only academy award winner and Dirac medal winner in India, many Fellows of the Royal Society and five Nobel laureates as of 2019 which is highest in South Asia.

University Of Calcutta

Influence of adrenal cortex on testicular activity in the toad during the breeding season.

Life Sciences

Calcium is essential for functioning of different systems including male reproduction. However, it has also been reported as chemo-castrative agent. The study has been undertaken to elucidate the effect of excessive dietary calcium on male reproductive system in animals with possible action. Adult male healthy rats fed CaCl2 at different doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g%) in diet for 13 and 26 days to investigate reproductive parameters as well as the markers of oxidative stress. Significant alteration was found (P&lt;0.05) in testicular and accessory sex organs weight, epididymal sperm count, testicular steroidogenic enzyme (Δ5 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD) activities, serum testosterone, LH, FSH, LPO, activities of antioxidant enzymes, testicular histoarchitecture along with adrenal Δ5 3β-HSD activity with corticosterone level in dose- and time-dependent manner. Overall observations suggest that excessive dietary calcium enhances the generation of freeradicals resulting in structural and functional disruption of male reproduction. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 2011.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

Excessive dietary calcium in the disruption of structural and functional status of adult male reproductive system in rat with possible mechanism

Although copper is an important biological trace element required for normal metabolism, occupational exposure to copper in different industrial workers may result in abnormal rise in plasma copper level which can bring about adverse effects. Intraperitoneal injection of copper chloride at the dose of 2000 μg/kg per day and higher doses for 26 days resulted in significant rise in adrenal weight, adrenal Δ5-3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity and serum corticosterone level in both adult and immature male rats, while 1000 μg/kg per day dose for 26 days duration did not significantly alter the adrenocortical activities and adrenal weight in adult rats. On the contrary, the latter lower dose caused a significant decrease in adrenal Δ5 3β HSD activity and serum corticosterone level in immature male rats. © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

Effect of copper chloride on adrenocortical activities in adult and immature male rats

The relationship between the pineal gland and testes of the toad was investigated in breeding and hibernating seasons. Pinealectomy increased spermatogenesis in hibernating toads but it failed to exert any effect during the breeding season. The pineals were found to be active during hibernation and atrophied in the breeding season. It is speculated that the cyclic pineal activity might be responsible for the seasonal variation of spermatogenesis in the toad. © 1984 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Hormone Research in Paediatrics

Influence of pineal gland on spermatogenesis of toad (Bufo Melanostictus)

Treatment of adult male rats with estradiol-17β for 7 days results in adrenal hyperplasia, increased level of serum ACTH along with reduction in serum level of α2u-globulin and inhibition of adrenal 5-ene-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (5-ene-3β-HSD) activity. Administration of corticosterone in estrogen-treated rats reverses the effects of estrogen while in normal rats corticosterone treatment reduces adrenal weight, serum ACTH and adrenal 5-ene-3β-HSD activity. In vitro experiments show that α2u-globulin fails to change adrenal 5-ene-3β-HSD activity in corticosterone pretreated rats while in normal and estrogen pretreated rats α2u-globulin increases 5-ene-3β-HSD activity. © 1983.

Journal of Steroid Biochemistry

Effect of corticosterone on adrenal 5-ENE-3Î²-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in estrogen-treated rats

Gravimetric and histologic modifications in the pigeon were studied following chronic therapy with ACTH and metopirone (SU 4885) for a period of 15 days. The organs studied were proventriculus, duodenum, heart, kidney, salivary gland, pancreas, liver, uropygial gland, thymus, spleen, bursa fabricii, testis, ovary, islets of Langerhans, adenohypophysis, thyroid and interrenal and chromaffin tissue of the adrenal gland. Induced states of hyper‐ and hypoadrenocorticalism elicited pathomorphic changes in endocrine and reproductive systems and some other organs of the pigeon. There were many differences and similarities in the nature of response of some organs following the two experimental conditions. Many of these cellular interactions might have resulted from alteration of interrenal function in the pigeon. Copyright © 1970 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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