Two flavonoid-deficient mutants, designated as fldL-1 and fldL-2, were isolated in EMS-mutagenized (0.15, 10h) M2 progeny of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). Both the mutants contained total leaf flavonoid content only 20 of their mother varieties. Genetic analysis revealed monogenic recessive inheritance of the trait, controlled by two different nonallelic loci. The two mutants differed significantly in banding patterns of leaf aconitase (ACO) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) isozymes, possessing unique bands in Aco 1, Aco 2, and Gsnor 2 loci. Isozyme loci inherited monogenically showing codominant expression in F2 (1:2:1) and backcross (1:1) segregations. Linkage studies and primary trisomic analysis mapped Aco 1 and fld 1 loci on extra chromosome of trisomic-I and Aco 2, fld 2, and Gsnor 2 on extra chromosome of trisomic-IV in linked associations. © 2012 Dibyendu Talukdar.

D TALUKDAR

Fulltext

University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University or CU) is a collegiate public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.&nbsp;Within India it is recognized as a &quot;Five-Star University&quot; and accredited &quot;A&quot; Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

&nbsp;

The University of Calcutta has secured the Fifth position among the Universities of India in the prestigious &quot;Indian University Ranking 2019&quot; list, released by the NIRF of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

&nbsp;

It was established on 24 January 1857, and was one of the first institutions in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary and Western-style university. Its alumni and faculty include several heads of state, heads of government, social reformers, prominent artists, only academy award winner and Dirac medal winner in India, many Fellows of the Royal Society and five Nobel laureates as of 2019 which is highest in South Asia.

University Of Calcutta

Flavonoid-Deficient Mutants in Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.): Genetic Control, Linkage Relationships, and Mapping with Aconitase and S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Isozyme Loci

The Scientific World Journal

A Lathyrus sativus L. mutant isolated in ethylmethane sulfonate-treated Mprogeny of mother variety BioL-212 and designated as rlfL-1 was characterized by inwardly rolled-leaf and stem and bud fasciations. The mutant exhibited karyomorphological peculiarities in both mitosis and meiosis with origin of aneuploidy. The mitosis was vigorous with high frequency of divisional cells and their quick turnover presumably steered cell proliferations. Significant transcriptional upregulations of cysteine and glutathione synthesis and concomitant stimulations of glutathione-mediated antioxidant defense helped rlfL-1 mutant to maintain balanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolisms, as deduced by ROS-imaging study. Glutathione synthesis was shut down in buthionine sulfoximine- (BSO-) treated mother plant and mutant, and leaf-rolling and stems/buds fasciations in the mutant were reversed, accompanied by normalization of mitotic cell division process. Antioxidant defense was downregulated under low glutathione-redox but cysteine-desulfurations and photorespiratory glycolate oxidase transcripts were markedly overexpressed, preventing cysteine overaccumulation but resulted in excess Hin BSO-treated mutant. This led to oxidative damage in proliferating cells, manifested by severe necrosis in rolled-leaf and fasciated stems. Results indicated vital role of glutathione in maintaining abnormal proliferations in plant organs, and its deficiency triggered phenotypic reversal through metabolic diversions of cysteine and concomitant cellular and metabolic modulations. © 2014 Dibyendu Talukdar and Tulika Talukdar.

BioMed Research International

Leaf rolling and stem fasciation in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus l.) mutant are mediated through glutathione-dependent cellular and metabolic changes and associated with a metabolic diversion through cysteine during phenotypic reversal

In vitro antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts of six legume-based traditional plant recipes used in Indian Himalayas were evaluated by trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and inhibition of β-carotene degradation activity (IBDA). Type II diabetes-related enzyme inhibition capacity of recipes was assayed on a-amylase and a-glucosidase activity under in vitro assay. The methanolic extracts of six recipes showed substantially high total phenolic and flavonoid content along with TEAC, radical scavenging activities, FRAP and IBDA in significantly different magnitudes. Apart from high magnitude of antioxidant potential, the three recipes namely 'methi paste', 'arhar dal' and 'ghew simi' used during diabetes by local people exhibited moderate to high level of enzyme inhibition capacity. Present results suggest that methanolic extracts of six indigenous recipes are rich in polyphenols and antioxidant activity. The three medicinal preparations have high potential to inhibit type II diabetes-related enzyme activity, and may be integrated into dietary management of type II diabetes.

Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science

In vitro antioxidant potential and type II diabetes related enzyme inhibition properties of traditionally processed legume-based food and medicinal recipes in indian himalayas

The adverse effects of arsenic (As) toxicity on seedling growth, root and shoot anatomy, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, root oxidizability (RO), antioxidant enzyme activities, H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage (EL%) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were investigated. The role of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) in amelioration of As-induced inhibitory effect was also evaluated using sodium nitroprusside (100 μM SNP) as NO donor and 2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (200 μM PTIO) as NO scavenger in different combinations with 50 μM As. As-induced growth inhibition was associated with marked anomalies in anatomical features, reduction in pigment composition, increased RO and severe perturbations in antioxidant enzyme activities. While activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased, levels of ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase decreased significantly and guaiacol peroxidase remained normal. The over-accumulation of H2O2 content along with high level of lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage indicates As-induced oxidative damage in P. vulgaris seedlings with more pronounced effect on the roots than the shoots. Exogenous addition of NO significantly reversed the As-induced oxidative stress, maintaining H2O2 in a certain level through balanced alterations of antioxidant enzyme activities. The role of NO in the process of amelioration has ultimately been manifested by significant reduction of membrane damage and improvement of growth performance in plants grown on As + SNP media. Onset of oxidative stress was more severe after addition of PTIO, which confirms the protective role of NO against As-induced oxidative damage in P. vulgaris seedlings. © 2012 Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society.

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants

Arsenic-induced oxidative stress in the common bean legume, Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings and its amelioration by exogenous nitric oxide

Two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) mutants, sodPv 1 and sodPv 2, exhibiting foliar superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of only 25% and 40% of their mother control (MC) cv. VL 63 were isolated in EMS-mutagenized (0.15%, 8 h) M2 progeny. Native-PAGE analysis revealed occurrence of Mn SOD, Fe SOD, Cu/Zn SOD I and Cu/Zn SOD II isozymes in MC, while Fe SOD, and Mn SOD were not formed in sodPv 1 and sodPv 2 leaves, respectively. In-gel activity of individual isozymes differed significantly among the parents. SOD deficiency is inherited as recessive mutations, controlled by two different nonallelic loci. Gene expressions using qRT PCR confirmed higher expressions of Cu/Zn SOD transcripts in both mutants and the absence of Fe SOD in sodPv 1 and Mn SOD in sodPv 2. In 50 M arsenic, Cu/Zn SODs genes were further upregulated but other isoforms downregulated in the two mutants, maintaining SOD activity in its control level. In an F2 double mutants of sodPv 1 × sodPv 2, no Fe SOD, and Mn SOD expressions were detectable, while both Cu/Zn SODs are down-regulated and arsenic-induced leaf necrosis appeared. In contrast to both mutants, ROS-imaging study revealed overaccumulation of both superoxides and H 2O2 in leaves of double mutant. © 2013 Dibyendu Talukdar and Tulika Talukdar.

Superoxide-dismutase deficient mutants in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): Genetic control, differential expressions of isozymes, and sensitivity to arsenic

Flavonoid-deficient mutants in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.): Genetic control, linkage relationships, and mapping with aconitase and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase isozyme loci

Response of four improved grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotypes to arsenic was tested in pot experiment using 30 mg As l-1 up to 60 days of growth after commencement of treatment (DAC). Arsenic exposure significantly reduced growth and seed yield potential of vars B1 and BioL-212, but no such effect was observed in bold-seeded mutant and pod indehiscent mutant lines. Results revealed normal leaf photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism at 20 DAC in both varieties. However, high superoxide dismutase activity coupled with low ascorbate redox and declining ascorbate peroxidase level led to abnormal rise in H2O2 content at reproductive stages (40 and 60 DAC), consequently, resulting in significantly enhanced arsenic-induced oxidative damage and physiological impediment in both varieties. By contrast, H2O2 level in both the mutants was remarkably modulated at reproductive stage (40 DAC) in a highly controlled manner by balanced action of antioxidant defense. This favored normal photosynthesis and ensured good grain yield even under prolonged arsenic exposure by effectively preventing oxidative damage to membrane in both the mutants. Native PAGE analysis revealed that enzyme isoforms were involved in the regulation of foliar H2O2 metabolism, the level of which was found extremely critical in determining arsenic tolerance of grass pea genotypes. © 2013 NAAS (National Academy of Agricultural Sciences).

Agricultural Research

Plant Growth and Leaf Antioxidant Metabolism of Four Elite Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus) Genotypes, Differing in Arsenic Tolerance

An ascorbate-deficient semi-dwarf mutant asfL-1 was detected in 250 Gy γ-ray treated grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) cv. BioR-231. The mutant contained only 42% of leaf and 20% of root ascorbate content of mother control (MC). I investigated the possible causes of ascorbate deficiency and its effect on growth and antioxidant defense in control and 150 mM NaCl-treated seedling after 60 d growth period. Ascorbate deficiency was due to significant reduction in activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase as well as increase in ascorbate oxidase, leading to considerable decrease in redox state. Despite low ascorbate pool and decrease in ascorbate peroxidase activity, shoot and root biomass production in asfL-1 mutant were similar to MC plants, even at NaCl treatment. High accumulation of glutathione (GSH) coupled with high activities of GSH reductase, catalase, GSH peroxidase and peroxidase in both tissues of the mutant permitted efficient recycling of GSH and scavenging of H 2O 2 through well integrated catalase/peroxidase system, despite high superoxide dismutase activity under NaCl treatment. The collapse of this system led to inhibition of growth in NaCl-treated mother plants. Together, the results suggested that asfL-1 plants undertook a major reshuffle in its antioxidant defense machinery, which effectively counterbalanced the negative impact of ascorbate deficiency and remained unperturbed by NaCl treatment to maintain normal growth and biomass production. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Biologia Plantarum

Ascorbate deficient semi-dwarf asfL1 mutant of Lathyrus sativus exhibits alterations in antioxidant defense

Pod dehiscence and subsequent scattering of seeds are frequently responsible for substantial loss of harvestable grain yield in different genotypes of grass pea. Three mutant lines, dwarf mutant 2 (dwf2), dwarf mutant 3 (dwf3), and bold-seeded mutant (BSM), isolated in gamma ray-induced M2 progeny of two grass pea varieties, exhibited complete pod indehiscence in successive selfed and intercrossed populations. Usual phenomenon of pod dehiscence, however, was manifested in two varieties used as control in this experiment. The segregation of intercrossed population and allelism tests revealed the recessive, true-breeding nature of pod indehiscence and involvement of two non-allelic loci in controlling the trait. Primary trisomic analysis placed allelic locus, pod1/pod2 on extra-chromosome of trisomic-VII, and the second locus, pod3, on extra-chromosome of trisomic-IV. Possibility of exploitation of this stable character along with other desirable agronomic traits in improvement of grass pea has been discussed. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Journal	The Scientific World Journal
Publisher	HINDAWI LTD
ISSN	1537-744X
Open Access	Yes