Recently transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) based on polymeric nanocomposites have been widely researched by polymer and biomedical scientists for the remedy of various diseases. Thus to develop an efficient patch, we have synthesized guar gum-g-polyacrylamide by free radical polymerization using potassium persulphate as an initiator. The transdermal membranes were fabricated via solution casting, by incorporating different wt% of nanosilica and diltiazem hydrochloride to the synthesized copolymer. The resulting copolymer and the nanocomposite membranes were characterized using solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermo-gravimetric analysis, electron microscopy and viscometry. A hydro-swelling study and surface contact angle measurement showed that the membrane containing 1 wt% nanosilica was the most hydrophobic. The in vitro drug release patterns of all the transdermal membranes showed that the nanocomposite containing 1 wt% nanosilica provides the best result with 8.58 and 24.76% drug release after 5 and 20 h, respectively. Furthermore, the nanocomposite formulation exhibited good cyto-compatibility and non-irritant behaviour, which are primary requirements for an efficient transdermal drug delivery system. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

ROSHNARA MISRA

Physiology

DIPANKAR CHATTOPADHYAY

Polymer Science and Technology

K DUTTA

B DAS

D MONDAL

A ADHIKARI

R BANERJEE

University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University or CU) is a collegiate public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.&nbsp;Within India it is recognized as a &quot;Five-Star University&quot; and accredited &quot;A&quot; Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

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The University of Calcutta has secured the Fifth position among the Universities of India in the prestigious &quot;Indian University Ranking 2019&quot; list, released by the NIRF of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

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It was established on 24 January 1857, and was one of the first institutions in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary and Western-style university. Its alumni and faculty include several heads of state, heads of government, social reformers, prominent artists, only academy award winner and Dirac medal winner in India, many Fellows of the Royal Society and five Nobel laureates as of 2019 which is highest in South Asia.

University Of Calcutta

New Journal of Chemistry

This study reports the synthesis of an unprecedented bio-based aquasorbent guargum-g-hyperbranched poly (acrylic acid); bGG-g-HBPAA by employing graft-copolymerization and “Strathclyde methodology” simultaneously in emulsion and its possible use as a sustainable nutrient bed for the effective growth of Anabaena cylindrica and Vigna radiata seedlings. The formation of bGG-g-HBPAA and the presence of hyperbranched architectures was confirmed from XRD, FTIR, 13C NMR, solubility, intrinsic viscosity, BET surface area/ pore size, SEM and rheology analyses. The synthesized grade with a branching percent of 65.4% and a swelling percentage of 13,300% facilitated maximum growth of the cultured species as compared to guargum and its linear graft. Semi synthetic bGG-g-HBPAA culture medium was optically transparent, dried at a controlled rate, held a huge amount of water for growth, provided sufficient space for unhindered growth and featured dimensional stability. © 2019

Carbohydrate Polymers

Aquasorbent guargum grafted hyperbranched poly (acrylic acid): A potential culture medium for microbes and plant tissues

Non-toxic nanocomposites based bio-films obtained from methylcellulose (MC) can reduce environmental problems associated with synthetic polymers. A new facile route for the isolation of cellulose nano-crystals (CNC) from jute waste is successfully utilized here. The fabrication of CNC reinforced MC nanocomposites by film casting technique and the studies of the effect of CNC on the properties of the MC based nanocomposites have been reported. The synthesized nanocomposites have shown improved UV resistance, mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties. FTIR results established the physicochemical compatibility between the drug, MC and CNC in nanocomposites. In vitro permeation studies performed by using Franz diffusion cell revealed diffusion mediated sustained drug release from the devices due to the presence of interaction between MC and CNC through H-bonding, electrostatic interaction between the hydrophilic polymer/CNC chains with the drug and the formation of tortuous path. The nanocomposites can be used for edible packaging and transdermal drug delivery. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Synthesis of methylcellulose/cellulose nano-crystals nanocomposites: Material properties and study of sustained release of ketorolac tromethamine

The delivery of diltiazem hydrochloride in therapeutical doses has attracted an immense research interest. However, its slower penetration through the transdermal route has stipulated to develop a competent transdermal membrane. Therefore, a nanocomposite based patch was formulated by exploring co-polymer and jute derived nano-cellulose. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) was grafted into guar gum (GG-g-PNIPAAm) with different feeding ratios. The co-polymer formation was authenticated by FTIR and 13C NMR spectra. The nanocomposite were prepared by incorporating nanofibre (0.5–2 wt%) into GG-g-PNIPAAm. The structural and morphological studies supported good interactions and presence of nano-cellulose on co-polymer. GG-g-PNIPAAm has showed higher thermostability than guar gum. Moreover, the addition of CNF has improved the thermo-mechanical and barrier properties of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite containing 1 wt% CNF was found to be best performing. The patch showed in-vitro cyto-compatibility and non-irritant behaviour. The in-vitro release study of best nanocomposite revealed controlled drug release capability with 7.78 and 22.9% after 5 and 20 h, respectively. © 2017

Polymer

Bio-derived cellulose nanofibril reinforced poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-g-guar gum nanocomposite: An avant-garde biomaterial as a transdermal membrane

Corrigendum: The SEM figure with two images (Fig. 3b) in the original article was inadvertently added during final submission through an unfortunate error, as the image belongs to parallel research reported elsewhere (doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.083). Therefore, all mention of the SEM images must be removed from the article. Fortunately, the SEM images were provided only as supporting evidence of dispersion of MCNT within CMG, which was further well described and supported by the rheology data. Therefore, the conclusions of the paper remain sound. The authors would like to apologise sincerely for any inconvenience or confusion that this error might have caused readers. The changes reflected by the removal of Fig. 3(b) are as follows: Section 2.3 Characterization CNT and MCNT were characterized using Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (JASCO FTIR within spectral range of 400–4000 cm −1 and resolution 4 cm −1 ) and thermogravimetric analyzer (Perkin Elmer, degradation range: room temperature to 600 °C, heating rate used 10 °C/min, heated in alumina pan under nitrogen). FTIR and TG analysis of the nanocomposites were studied using same instruments. Solid state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis was done in Bruker NMR spectrophotometer operated at 500 MHz at room temperature. Morphology analysis was done using polarized light (PLM, Leitz GMBH, Germany, magnification used 100×). Room temperature rheological studies were carried out in a HAAKE Viscotester 550, Thermo Scientific, Germany using shear rate from near 0 to 400 S −1 . Section 3.3 Polarized light microscopic (PLM) image analysis of hydrogel nanocomposites Fig. 3 shows PLM images of neat and MCNT filled hybrid nanocomposites. Neat CMG has shown non-uniform film thickness after application on glass slide since some portion of it appears brighter than the rest. Images of hydrogel nanocomposites are clearly more homogeneous than neat CMG. This is due to better wettability of the nanocomposites achieved through net rise in surface energy after addition of MCNT. The black spots in the images indicate dispersed MCNT domains in CMG. It shows gross uniformity in spreading inside the CMG matrix. The driving force being CMG–MCNT interaction as was discussed in the preceding Sections (Sections 3.1 and 3.2). The MCNT domain sizes increase with its concentration and they tend to concentrate locally due to dominant filler–filler interaction at higher concentration. Fig. 3 Polarized light microscopic images (100×) of neat CMG and its hybrid nanocomposites with various MCNT contents. Once again the authors would like to apologise sincerely for any inconvenience this might have caused readers. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Fulltext

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

Polymer hydrogel from carboxymethyl guar gum and carbon nanotube for sustained transdermal release of diclofenac sodium (vol 49, pg 885, 2011)

Abstract Semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) of poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyacrylamide was reinforced with various doses of nanocellulose. The different composite films thus prepared were characterized with respect to their mechanical, thermal, morphological and barrier properties. The composite film containing 5 wt.% of nanocellulose showed the highest tensile strength. The semi-interpenetrating polymer network of poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyacrylamide; and its various composites with nanocellulose were almost identical in their thermal stability. Each of the composites however exhibited much superior stability with respect to the linear poly(vinyl alcohol) and crosslinked polyacrylamide. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies exhibited phase separated morphology where agglomerates of nanocellulose were found to be dispersed in the matrix of the semi-IPN. The moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) was the lowest for the film containing 5 wt.% of nanocellulose. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Characterization of nanocellulose reinforced semi-interpenetrating polymer network of poly(vinyl alcohol) & polyacrylamide composite films

Background: Snake bite causes greater mortality than most of the other neglected tropical diseases. Snake antivenom, although effective in minimizing mortality in developed countries, is not equally so in developing countries due to its poor availability in remote snake infested areas as, and when, required. An alternative approach in this direction could be taken by making orally deliverable polyvalent antivenom formulation, preferably under a globally integrated strategy, for using it as a first aid during transit time from remote trauma sites to hospitals. Methodology/Principal Findings: To address this problem, multiple components of polyvalent antivenom were entrapped in alginate. Structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, swelling study, in vitro pH sensitive release, acid digestion, mucoadhesive property and venom neutralization were studied in in vitro and in vivo models. Results showed that alginate retained its mucoadhesive, acid protective and pH sensitive swelling property after entrapping antivenom. After pH dependent release from alginate beads, antivenom (ASVS) significantly neutralized phospholipaseA2 activity, hemolysis, lactate dehydrogenase activity and lethality of venom. In ex vivo mice intestinal preparation, ASVS was absorbed significantly through the intestine and it inhibited venom lethality which indicated that all the components of antivenom required for neutralization of venom lethality were retained despite absorption across the intestinal layer. Results from in vivo studies indicated that orally delivered ASVS can significantly neutralize venom effects, depicted by protection against lethality, decreased hemotoxicity and renal toxicity caused by russell viper venom. Conclusions/Significance: Alginate was effective in entrapping all the structural components of ASVS, which on release and intestinal absorption effectively reconstituted the function of antivenom in neutralizing viper and cobra venom. Further research in this direction can strategize to counter such dilemma in snake bite management by promoting control release and oral antivenom rendered as a first aid. © 2014 Bhattacharya et al.

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

The aim of this work is to examine the effectiveness of mucilage/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) based transdermal patch (matrix type) as a drug delivery device. We have successfully extracted mucilage from Colocasia esculenta (Taro) corms and prepared diltiazem hydrochloride incorporated mucilage/HPMC based transdermal patches using various wt% of mucilage by the solvent evaporation technique. Characterization of both mucilage and transdermal patches has been done by several techniques such as Molisch's test, organoleptic evaluation of mucilage, mechanical, morphological and thermal analysis of transdermal patches. Skin irritation test is studied on hairless Albino rat skin showing that transdermal patches are apparently free of potentially hazardous skin irritation. Fourier transform infrared analysis shows that there is no interaction between drug, mucilage and HPMC while scanning electron microscopy shows the surface morphology of transdermal patches. In vitro drug release time of mucilage-HPMC based transdermal patches is prolonged with increasing mucilage concentration in the formulation. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Taro corms mucilage/HPMC based transdermal patch: An efficient device for delivery of diltiazem hydrochloride

Green, hydrophobic device for controlled transdermal release of diclofenac sodium was designed from in situ nanosilica/acrylic acid grafted guargum membranes. Best grafting condition was assigned and nanocomposites were formed in situ using varying proportions of aqueous nanosilica sol. Nanocomposite/drug conjugates were formed by bringing down the medium pH from 9.0 to 7.0. The conjugates were characterized through infrared and solid state NMR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, hydro-swelling, surface contact angle, viscometry and biocompatibility. Most balanced property was exhibited by the membrane containing 1 wt% nanosilica. It also had shown the highest encapsulation efficacy vis-à-vis slowest release as compared to others during experimentation in a Franz diffusion cell. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Acrylic acid grafted guargum-nanosilica membranes for transdermal diclofenac delivery

An: Ex situ approach to fabricating nanosilica reinforced polyacrylamide grafted guar gum nanocomposites as an efficient biomaterial for transdermal drug delivery application

Journal	Data powered by TypesetNew Journal of Chemistry
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetRoyal Society of Chemistry
ISSN	1144-0546
Open Access	No